Staph Bacterial Strain Does Not Respond to Antibiotics

Staph Bacterial Strain Does Not Respond to Antibiotics



October 2007

 Officials closed all 21 schools 
in Bedford County, Virginia for disinfection Wednesday after a high school 
student died of a staph infection. Ashton Bonds, 17, Staunton River High 
School senior, died Monday after being hospitalized for over a week. 
Bonds was diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or 
MRSA, a bacterial strain that does not respond to antibiotics, and poses a 
special risk to young children, the elderly and people with depressed 
immune systems. 
Drug-resistant staph infections appear more widespread than previously 
thought. A study by federal government researchers published in 
Wednesday's edition of the "Journal of the American Medical Association 
shows that infections caused by MRSA are no longer confined to hospitals 
and are increasingly found in community settings such as schools. 
The study reports that an estimated 18,650 people died from MRSA in the 
United States in 2005 - a larger number than the 17,011 deaths 
attributable to HIV/AIDS across the nation in that year. 
R. Monina Klevens, DDS, MPH, of the Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, and colleagues conducted the study to determine the 
incidence of invasive MRSA in nine U.S. communities in 2005. The team then 
used these results to estimate the prevalence of invasive MRSA infections 
across the United States.

Staph infections are spreading across the United States. 
This study establishes the first national baseline by which future trends 
in invasive MRSA infections can be assessed. 
"Based on 8,987 observed cases of MRSA and 1,598 in-hospital deaths among 
patients with MRSA, we estimate that 94,360 invasive MRSA infections 
occurred in the United States in 2005," the authors write. 
"These infections were associated with death in 18,650 cases," according 
to the study by Klevens' team. 
After adjusting for age, race and sex, they arrived at an incidence rate 
of invasive MRSA in 2005 of 31.8 per 100,000 persons. 
"In conclusion, invasive MRSA disease is a major public health problem and 
is primarily related to health care but no longer confined to acute care. 
Although in 2005 the majority of invasive disease was related to health 
care, this may change," the researchers write. 
Elizabeth Bancroft, MD, of the Los Angeles County Department of Public 
Health calls the 31.8 per 100,000 rate of invasive MRSA "astounding." 
In an editorial published in the Journal of the American Medical 
Association to accompany the Klevens study, she estimates that this rate 
is higher than the combined rate for pneumococcal disease, invasive group 
A streptococcus, invasive meningococcal disease, and invasive H influenzas 
in 2005. 
"Old diseases have learned new tricks," Bancroft writes. "Consequently, 
new collaborations between the public health and medical communities are 
needed to identify and control antimicrobial resistance." 
MRSA has become the most frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections 
among patients presenting to emergency departments in the United States, 
and can also cause severe, sometimes fatal invasive disease. 
The study found about 85 percent of all invasive MRSA infections were 
associated with health care settings. Two-thirds of these infections 
surfaced in the community among people who were hospitalized, underwent a 
medical procedure or resided in a long-term care facility within the 
previous year.

Frequent, thorough hand washing combats the spread of staph. 
By contrast, about 15 percent of reported infections were considered to be 
community-associated, which means that the infection occurred in people 
without documented health care risk factors. 
The 2005 rates of invasive infection were highest among people 65 years of 
age or older. Black people were affected at twice the rate of whites, 
which could be due to higher rates of chronic illness among blacks. 
"These numbers show that many families are being affected by these 
drug-resistant infections," said Denise Cardo, MD, director of CDC's 
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion. "Healthcare facilities need to 
make MRSA prevention a greater priority. The closer we get to 100 percent 
compliance with CDC recommendations, the greater the impact on patient 
health and safety." 
The Klevens team arrived at the new national estimate by projecting from 
the number of invasive MRSA cases from nine U.S. sites. 
The sites included the state of Connecticut; the Atlanta metropolitan 
area; the San Francisco Bay area; the Denver metropolitan area; the 
Portland, Oregon metropolitan area; Monroe County, New York; Baltimore 
City, Maryland; Davidson County, Tennessee; and Ramsey County, Minnesota. 

Staph bacteria can lurk on locker room surfaces and can also be 
found in any public place. 
All the sites were part of CDC's Active Bacterial Core surveillance 
program, which actively tracks a number of pathogens in the United States 
representing a population of 38 million Americans. 
Since 2002, school athletic teams in several states, including 
Massachusetts, have reported MRSA infections among wrestling, volleyball, 
and most frequently, football teams. Some colleges have reported MRSA 
infection cases in residential dormitories. 
This staph infection first appears on the skin as a red, swollen pimple or 
boil that may be painful or have pus. It can be spread by skin-to skin 
contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. 
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises that people keep 
their hands free of staph bacteria by washing thoroughly with soap and 
water or using an alcohol-based hand cleaner. 
Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed, and 
avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages. 
And avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors. 
Doctors say staph infections can usually be treated with antibiotics. But 
over the decades, some strains of staph - such as MRSA - have become 
resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered 
in 1961. It is now immune to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, 
oxacillin, and many other antibiotics. 
While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. 
Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a difficult time keeping 
up. 
Most MRSA infections are treated by good wound and skin care - keeping the 
area clean and dry, washing hands after caring for the area, carefully 
disposing of any bandages, and allowing the body to heal. 

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